Circuitfeed’s Latest
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Twisted Pair Cable and working
Twisted pair cables are the backbone of modern data transmission, used in Ethernet, USB, HDMI, RS485, and high-speed communication systems. This in-depth guide explains how twisting wires reduces electromagnetic interference (EMI), enables differential signaling, and improves signal integrity. Learn the physics behind noise cancellation, compare twisted vs untwisted wires, and understand CAT5, CAT6, and shielding…
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Signal Integrity and Noise in Wired Systems & transmission
Signal integrity is essential in high-speed electronics and PCB design. This in-depth guide covers transmission line behavior, impedance, differential signaling, EMI, crosstalk, and shielding techniques to maintain clean, noise-free signals in modern systems.
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Power Rail Names Explained: VCC, VDD, VSS, GND, AVCC, AVDD and More
Learn the complete meaning of VCC, VDD, VSS and GND in electronics. This comprehensive guide explains their historical origins, differences, grounding concepts, datasheet conventions, PCB design considerations, real-world examples and practical engineering applications. Whether you are a student, hobbyist or professional engineer, this article will help you understand modern power rail naming used in microcontrollers,…
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MOSFET Square Wave Generator Circuit using 2N7000 (Complete Guide)
Learn how to build a MOSFET square wave generator using two 2N7000 MOSFETs. Includes circuit operation, RC timing equations, frequency calculation, applications, and troubleshooting.
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Why Does a MOSFET Burn Out? 9 Causes of MOSFET Failure (and Fixes)
A burnt MOSFET is never random — it’s the end result of one specific stress the part couldn’t survive. This guide breaks down the 9 real causes of MOSFET failure, from weak gate drive and motor back-EMF to H-bridge shoot-through and bad heatsinking, with the exact fix for each.
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MOSFET Interfacing: Direct Drive, Gate Drivers and High-Side SwitchingMOSFET Driver Circuits for ESP32, Pico and Arduino (N & P-Channel)
Learn how to drive N-channel and P-channel MOSFETs from ESP32, Raspberry Pi Pico, Arduino, and TTL logic. Compare direct logic-level drive with 10V gate-driver circuits, solve MOSFET heating caused by under-drive, and download datasheets for popular power MOSFETs.
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BLDC Air Cooler Controller Connections and Working
Induction motor vs BLDC motor The air cooler industry is gradually shifting from traditional shaded-pole and capacitor-run induction motors toward Brushless DC (BLDC) motor technology. While the external appearance of the cooler may remain unchanged, the electrical system inside is significantly different. As a designer of BLDC cooler controllers, I have observed that most users…
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Introduction to TVS diode
Definition of TVS Diodes Transient Voltage Suppression (TVS) diodes are essential components designed to protect sensitive electronics from voltage spikes and transients. These abrupt and extreme fluctuations in voltage can be induced by lightning, electrostatic discharge (ESD), or switching noise from other devices within the circuit. TVS diodes work by clamping overvoltage events to a…
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FW Rectifiers: Calculation, Filter, Circuit Diagram and Working
Learn everything you need to know about bridge rectifiers, including their calculations, filters, circuit diagrams, and working. Find out how to calculate the efficiency and output voltage of a bridge rectifier, and understand the concept of LC filter. Explore the bridge rectifier circuit diagram and working principle, and gain a deeper understanding of this essential…
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Electrical Resistivity of Materials
The Fermi level energy determines the electrical resistance of a material by affecting the number of available states for electrons. Energy absorbed can also be converted into thermal energy and photons using thermodynamics.